مجله پژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست
پیاپی 9 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Eliminate deprivation and rural development, one of the programs on the agenda is the implementation of the rural master plan to provide equitable facilities through physical transformation of the village, creating facilities it has been social-productive, providing public services and improving the housing of the villagers. The effects of conductor designs are limited to changes in physical texture and less attention is paid to the economic factor in its implementation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of pilot projects in the development of physical development and identification of living space from the perspective of residents. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical approach, which has been done with a sample of 250 people from rural areas in Rasht. Data collection tools in this study included: library studies to collect information related to research literature and then field research through observation and questionnaires. The statistical population of the study is the villagers living in the villages of Rasht city. In this study, the correlation method by Kiiging method has been used for physical identity. In other words, the data analysis method is based on spatial statistics. The results indicate that the pattern of spatial distribution of physical identity variables in the villages of Rasht city is linear (north-south), which means that the villages located in the south, center and north are in a more favorable situation.

t For countries like Iran, oil revenues are considered an economic rent that does not have any direct inductive effects in terms of raising the level of production in the economy. While the tourism industry is chained to some economic activities and its prosperity, in terms of increasing revenues in the economy of the host country has a significant impact. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of tourism on increasing the income of the studied villages, which has been done by survey and descriptive-analytical methods. The statistical population of the study is the residents of 7 selected tourist villages from Siakhlorud and Oshian districts of Chabaksar district of Rudsar city, which according to Cochran's formula, 331 people have been done using stratified sampling method. Questionnaire is the most important data collection tool in the present study, the validity of which has been confirmed by technical experts and the reliability of the research tool has been confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 94%. Explained with a mean of 3.79 and standard deviation of 0.51.

It can be said that like other spontaneous human activities, entrepreneurship that leads to improving the quality of life and well-being is of great importance. Influential factors play a role in the development and promotion of entrepreneurship, while there are obstacles and challenges for entrepreneurs. The purpose of this study is to identify these factors and study the effective elements. This research is applied in terms of purpose and the results of research in other areas can be used and in terms of the method of work, it is descriptive-analytical. In this research, SPSS software has been used to extract the questionnaire data and a one-sample method has been used to test the hypotheses. The research indicates that there is a significant relationship between institutional and organizational factors, economic factors, managerial factors, social, environmental and cultural factors and the promotion of entrepreneurship in the studied villages.

The aim of this study is to compare the road geometric characteristics with road construction standard values in Tang-e-Sulak protected area located in Bahmiy (Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province). This region has the value of tourism, recreation and natural attractions located in the forests of the South Zagros. First, the existing road location was taken using GPS and then placed on a topographic map. In the next step, the slopes were graded (from 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60 and > 60 percent), then 11 samples were randomly selected on each slope. In the next step, the size of the samples was compared with the standard values Available in the publications of the Management and Planning Organization of the country (Booklet No. 131 and 161). The width of the running surface and path of the way were analyzed on the basis of analytical and other road geometric characteristics based on descriptive statistics. To collect soil samples from each of the slopes’ grades, a soil sample was selected to detect soil texture randomly. Data analysis was done by T-test and Pearson correlation in SPSS 22. The results show that the width of the road and the construction area of the road on the slopes 10-20, 40-50, 60-50, and 60 were less than the standard values and it was statistically significance (P<0.01), and in other slopes, there wasn’t any significant differences.Analytical descriptive statistics showed that the average slope of excavation and embankment walls is 15% higher than the standard value. The results of soil texture analysis by unified classification method showed that the study area has a silty- clay texture.

Having a good quality of life is always a human desire. Quality of life in rural areas depends on many factors such as employment, adequate income, access to services such as education and health, health and social security. So that, factors such as low density of rural settlements, reduced employment and income in the agricultural sector, inadequate and inefficient communication routes and transportation networks have complicated the implementation of policies necessary to improve the quality of rural life. With this view, the purpose of this study is comparing the indicators of life quality before settlement and presence in the nomadic environment and after settlement in Azadegan village after the flood. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical, based on library-field studies (questionnaire) and searching Internet sites that, in order to analyze the data, the t-test of SPSS software was used. The findings show that the quality of life indicators before and after settlement in Azadegan village with a significant level of less than 0.05% had no positive effects in Azadegan village. Also, the results showed that the components of employment and income in Azadegan village located in Jiroft city did not have a positive effect on job creation for the villagers; that the amount of income with the retention of occupational groups in Azadegan village with a significant level was more than 99%.

With the increase of industries and industrialization of societies, water pollution has intensified and the need for water, wastewater and materials treatment processes has increased. In this regard, MXenes as a new group of two-dimensional materials, also known as carbide / nitride functionalized metal nanosheets, have attracted the global attention of researchers due to their unique properties and range of potential industrial applications. In this study, meanwhile examining the synthesis of MXene and introducing its various structures, it was found that MXene, due to the high specific surface area of plate structures, high hydrophilicity and proper regeneration creates a suitable combination for nitrate separation as well as inhibition of bacterial growth. Also, their use in removing dyes increases the stability of the membrane structure and prevents the agglomeration of particles. In addition, MXene can be well used in the separation of nuclear waste due to its high adsorption rate and good selectivity.

Irrigation networks are responsible for the distribution and delivery of agricultural water, so improving their performance reduces losses and increases the efficiency of water distribution, and thus leads to improved water efficiency. Investigating the operation of irrigation networks is essential for planning and improving irrigation networks and systems. The first purpose of the assessment is to determine the amount of losses that occur in the process of distribution and delivery of agricultural water in the network of irrigation canals. Losses in agricultural water conveyance and distribution systems occur for two main reasons: leakage and improper performance of canal structures that cause operating losses. Various factors such as weed growth in canals, accumulation of sediment in canals, accumulation of garbage in canals, cracking of canal cover, crushing or moving of concrete parts in canals, destruction due to poor quality of materials and lack of sufficient knowledge of total operation and the wisdom of the country's water decision-makers is increasing losses in agricultural distribution and delivery systems. Factors influencing the operation of networks include regular annual maintenance process and the operation of network operators to timely and correctly adjust the catchment structures to prevent unstable hydraulic conditions in the main and secondary channels, which can be invested in training operators and teams. Management and operation in irrigation networks significantly reduced the volume of operation losses. In this study, the results of studies on the determination of conveyance and distribution efficiencies in irrigation networks have been reviewed and summarized.

In this study, the aerobic biological process was investigated by the moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) method for detergent industries wastewater treatment. The mean of COD and LAS were 10231 mg/L and 210 mg/L in raw wastewater, respectively. In this study, three different concentrations of LAS (210, 500, and 1000 mg/L) were used to determine the whole system's efficiency in removing COD and LAS. The BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.2 in raw wastewater to 0.45 after pretreatment using coagulation and flocculation methods. In the MBBR system in reactor 1 with 36 hours of hydraulic rate time (HRT), the highest removal efficiencies of 93.41% and 95% were obtained for COD and LAS, respectively. In Reactor 2 with similar conditions, with HRT equal to 36 hours, the highest removal efficiencies of 94.20% and 99.99% for COD and LAS were obtained, respectively. By changing the amount of injected air from 30 L/min to 50 L/min and then 70 L/min, the removal efficiency increased in the amount of air injected about 50 L/min. Organic charge loading (OUR) studies also showed a reduction in specific oxygen consumption from about 11 mg O2/gr MLSS.hr at the beginning of the operation period to about 2 mg O2/gr MLSS.hr at the end of the period. This study showed that the MBBR process can meet the environmental output standards and be used as an efficient method in detergent industry wastewater treatment.

In this research, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment is investigated by inhalation volatile organic components in the ambient air of Khorramabad. These compounds include benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylenes (BTEX) and normal Hexane. First, two different scenarios were defined to assess the risk, based on the exposure of people to the volatile organic compounds and the duration of respiration. Then, the average amount of intake CDI or chronic daily intake due to respiration of mentioned pollutants during life was extracted based on dual scenarios in 11 areas of Khorramabad city. The carcinogenic risk for benzene and ethylbenzene compounds as well as the non- carcinogenic risk for all pollutants were measured and discussed in both scenarios. It should be noted that due to the high number of calculations and ease and accuracy in results, programming was done in excel software and the initial and final results were calculated directly from this method and the necessary diagrams were drawn. According to the calculation, the annual risk and the total risk of carcinogenicity of inhaling the pollutants in the ambient air of Khorramabad for the first scenario are equal to 1.51 E -06 and 5.65 E-01 people per year, respectively. Also, the annual risk and the total risk for the second scenario are 6.19E-07 and 2.31 E-01 per year, respectively. In addition, the non- carcinogenic risk index for inhalation of these compounds in the ambient air of Khorramabad is 3.898 and 0.594 for the first and second scenarios respectively

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different levels of powdered dried aerial parts of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) seeds on the performance and carcass traits of broiler chicks. In this experiment one hundred and sixty one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates (with 10 birds each). The experimental treatments included: 1) control group (without additive2) basal diet + 0.2% Ajowan powder, 3) basal diet + 0.4% Ajowan powder, and 4) basal diet + 0.6% Ajowan powder. Results showed that the levels of 0.2 and 0.4 % had no significant effect on daily weight gain, food intake and feed efficiency. Except for carcass weight, Ajowan had no significant effect on carcass characteristics. For blood parameters, the effects of Ajowan, in most cases, were non-significant. In contrast, plasma LDL and cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly with increasing levels of Ajowan powder. According to the obtained results, based on maintaining the bird's performance at the same levels as the control group and on the other hand improving the pattern of blood lipid metabolites, it can be said that Ajowan can be a good alternative to the growth-promoting antibiotic to improve health and solve the environmental problems in this area.

Nitrogen dioxide is not only a potential air pollutant in urban and industrial area but it is a photochemical smog precursor and pollutant ozone. Urban area has high tropospheric concentrations and close to the earth surface. Nitrogen dioxide has a great impact on human health and its increase in the air causes many diseases. Therefore, monitoring the amount of nitrogen dioxide and its changes is one of the important issues in metropolitan management. Considering the importance of nitrogen dioxide in air pollution, tropospheric nitrogen dioxide concentration with meteorological parameters the trend of changing the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide using OMI sensor in the period 2006 to 2019 has been investigated in this research. OMI sensor images placed on the Aura satellite are used to study nitrogen dioxide in the troposphere layer. The results showed that the highest amount of nitrogen dioxide occurred in the cold months of the year and the lowest amount occurred in the warm months of the year. Meteorological conditions can increase the severity of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide pollution and spread it further. The results of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide concentration with meteorological parameters showed that the correlation coefficient of Pearson nitrogen dioxide is inversely related to wind speed, horizontal visibility and surface temperature respectively. Also, Pearson correlation of nitrogen dioxide is directly related to relative humidity.

The study of wood loss is a scale to increase the efficiency of harvesting and biomass and carbon sequestration are indicators to determine the environmental performance of tree species. In the current study number of 17 trees of hornbeam and date-plum species (34 trees for both species) in parcel 729 of the series seven of the watershed number one of Astara forests were randomly selected and after measuring the diameter and height their volume measured, using volume equation. The selected trees were then fallen and the volume of trees measured again. Finally, after converting trees trunk into smaller portable parts by mules, the volume of extracted wood was measured again and statistically compared with analysis of variance. Also, after weighing the fresh weight of the total parts, 4 cm disc samples were taken from the diameter in breast height of the trees and after weighing the initial weight and drying the samples in the oven at 80 ° C, the samples biomass were calculated. The carbon stock of the samples was measured by the burning method in an electric kiln and the amounts of biomass and carbon sequestration were generalized to all trees. The allometric equations of the biomass of the two species were also extracted using the exponential function. Based on the results, the average loss of hornbeam and date-plum wood was estimated to be 42% and 32%, respectively. The total reserves of carbon and carbon dioxide deposited by the two species were estimated at 60 and 220 tons per hectare, respectively. In addition, the extracted allometric equations provided a high coefficient of explanation (>0.9) for both species. The results of the present study show the high loss of extracted wood and the high accuracy of the extracted allometric equations in estimating the biomass of the studied species.